Herpes simplex is a viral infection caused by herpes simplex virus type I and II (HSV-I and HSV-II). HSV-I often attacks the area around the mouth (herpes labialis), while HSV-II is often on the genital area (genital herpes). However, because of oral sex or oro-genital sex then either HSV-I and HSV-II can about the area around the mouth or genitals. Forms of HSV attack on an individual can be a primary infection, non primary first episode, recurrent and asymptomatic.
The incidence of herpes simplex infection increases every year. Data in the United States said that found 1.5 million new cases are caused by HSV transmission through sexual intercourse, in which a woman infected with HSV can transmit to a partner by 4-5%, but if the man who infected the chances of transmitting HSV the spouse of 8-10%. HSV infection in neonates due to vertical transmission from mother to reach 1500-2000 new cases each year.
An individual may be exposed to HSV infection because of transmission from a seropositive individual, where transmission can take place both horizontally and vertically. The difference of the two transmission methods are as follows:
Horizontal Transmission
Horizontal transmission occurs when an individual is exposed seronegative with a seropositive individuals through vesicles that contain active viruses (81-88%), HSV ulcers or lesions that have been dried (36%) and the secretion of other body fluids such as salivi, cement, and genital fluids (3.6 to 25%). The presence of these materials contact with skin or mucosal lesions or in some cases the skin or mucosa is intact then the virus can enter the new host's body and entered into multiplication in the cell nucleus that has just entered for a lifetime and then settled at any time cause the characteristic symptoms of the emergence of small vesicles grouped on the basis eritem.
The incidence of herpes simplex infection increases every year. Data in the United States said that found 1.5 million new cases are caused by HSV transmission through sexual intercourse, in which a woman infected with HSV can transmit to a partner by 4-5%, but if the man who infected the chances of transmitting HSV the spouse of 8-10%. HSV infection in neonates due to vertical transmission from mother to reach 1500-2000 new cases each year.
An individual may be exposed to HSV infection because of transmission from a seropositive individual, where transmission can take place both horizontally and vertically. The difference of the two transmission methods are as follows:
Horizontal Transmission
Horizontal transmission occurs when an individual is exposed seronegative with a seropositive individuals through vesicles that contain active viruses (81-88%), HSV ulcers or lesions that have been dried (36%) and the secretion of other body fluids such as salivi, cement, and genital fluids (3.6 to 25%). The presence of these materials contact with skin or mucosal lesions or in some cases the skin or mucosa is intact then the virus can enter the new host's body and entered into multiplication in the cell nucleus that has just entered for a lifetime and then settled at any time cause the characteristic symptoms of the emergence of small vesicles grouped on the basis eritem.
Prevention of horizontal transmission of HSV can be performed using a barrier protection (condoms) to prevent contact with genital fluids containing the virus. Condoms made of latex causes the virus can not pass through as well as content spermatisid (nonoxynol-9) can kill the virus invitro. The effectiveness of condoms for the prevention of HSV transmission is only about 25%, because of the limitations of condoms can not cover all parts of the penis (penile shaft), then it still allows for contact with the genital fluid containing the virus. Therefore, genital fluid flushing after sexual intercourse and use of anti-virus seropositivity in individuals who can further enhance the effectiveness of prevention of transmission to about 75%. Prevention of contact with saliva can be done with HSV sufferers avoid kissing and using cutlery patients and using an antiseptic mouthwash containing yangcdapat kill the virus which could reduce the risk tertular.
Vertical Transmission
Vertical transmission of HSV occurs in neonates either in the period antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal. Antenatal period is responsible for 5% of cases of neonatal HSV. Transmission mainly occurs when the mother had primary infection and the virus is in the phase of viremia (virus in the blood) so that a hematogenous entry of the virus in the placenta following the uteroplacental circulation ultimately infect the fetus. The period of primary maternal infection also affects the prognosis of the baby, if infection occurs in first trimester abortion and usually will happen will happen in the second trimester premature birth. Infants with antenatal HSV infection has a mortality rate of ± 60% and half of that life will experience central nervous disorders and eye. Primary infection that occurs in late pregnancy periods will give a poorer prognosis for the mother's body has not had time to form a antibody (formed 3-4 weeks after the virus enters the host body) for further distribution to the fetus as an antibody neutralisasi Trans placental and this will result in 30-57% of babies born infected with HSV with various complications (microcephaly, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcification, chorioretinitis and encephalitis) .
Ninety percent of neonatal HSV infection occurred during intrapartum is when the baby through the birth canal and contact with lesions or genital fluids mother. Mother with primary infection capable of transmitting HSV in neonates 50%, non-primary first episode 35%, recurrent infections and asymptomatic 0-4%. Prevention of transmission can be done with the detection of pregnant women with early screening at 14-18 weeks of gestation, subsequent cervical cultures taken every week starting from their 34th week of pregnancy in pregnant women with a history of HSV infections and suppressive antiviral therapy (given every day starting from 36 weeks gestation with acyclovir 400 mg 3 × / day or 200 mg 5 × / day) which can significantly reduce the period of recurrence during childbirth (36% vs 0%). However, if the till before the delivery, final culture results remain positive and there are active lesions of the genital area, then labor in SC becomes the main choice.
Postnatal period is responsible for 5-10% of cases of neonatal HSV infection. These infections occur because of contact between the neonates with HSV-infected mothers (primary infection of HSV-I 100%, primary infection of HSV-II 17%, recurrent HSV-I, 18%, recurrent HSV-I, 18%, HSV-II Recurrent 0%) as well as contacts neonates with health workers who are infected HSV
Vertical Transmission
Vertical transmission of HSV occurs in neonates either in the period antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal. Antenatal period is responsible for 5% of cases of neonatal HSV. Transmission mainly occurs when the mother had primary infection and the virus is in the phase of viremia (virus in the blood) so that a hematogenous entry of the virus in the placenta following the uteroplacental circulation ultimately infect the fetus. The period of primary maternal infection also affects the prognosis of the baby, if infection occurs in first trimester abortion and usually will happen will happen in the second trimester premature birth. Infants with antenatal HSV infection has a mortality rate of ± 60% and half of that life will experience central nervous disorders and eye. Primary infection that occurs in late pregnancy periods will give a poorer prognosis for the mother's body has not had time to form a antibody (formed 3-4 weeks after the virus enters the host body) for further distribution to the fetus as an antibody neutralisasi Trans placental and this will result in 30-57% of babies born infected with HSV with various complications (microcephaly, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcification, chorioretinitis and encephalitis) .
Ninety percent of neonatal HSV infection occurred during intrapartum is when the baby through the birth canal and contact with lesions or genital fluids mother. Mother with primary infection capable of transmitting HSV in neonates 50%, non-primary first episode 35%, recurrent infections and asymptomatic 0-4%. Prevention of transmission can be done with the detection of pregnant women with early screening at 14-18 weeks of gestation, subsequent cervical cultures taken every week starting from their 34th week of pregnancy in pregnant women with a history of HSV infections and suppressive antiviral therapy (given every day starting from 36 weeks gestation with acyclovir 400 mg 3 × / day or 200 mg 5 × / day) which can significantly reduce the period of recurrence during childbirth (36% vs 0%). However, if the till before the delivery, final culture results remain positive and there are active lesions of the genital area, then labor in SC becomes the main choice.
Postnatal period is responsible for 5-10% of cases of neonatal HSV infection. These infections occur because of contact between the neonates with HSV-infected mothers (primary infection of HSV-I 100%, primary infection of HSV-II 17%, recurrent HSV-I, 18%, recurrent HSV-I, 18%, HSV-II Recurrent 0%) as well as contacts neonates with health workers who are infected HSV
Selection of appropriate prevention methods in accordance with the transmission model can reduce the incidence and transmission of HSV infection.